Outnumbered ten to one, Kintpuash led his people to take a stand against U.S. Army soldiers in 1872 to protect their land. For over a year, the Modocs tenaciously stood their ground in the California lava beds. In the end, four leaders of the Modoc tribe were tried and executed in front of their people – the only Native American leaders ever tried by the U.S. government for war crimes. The Modoc War survivors – 163 men, women, and children – were transported as prisoners of war on cattle cars to Oklahoma. This is the story of what happened to the Modoc warriors and their families after all was lost…
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